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How has Global Mobility affected Banking in the last 10 years?
One of the most significant trends in global mobility has been the increasing globalisation of the financial services industry. Banks and other financial institutions have expanded their operations to new regions and markets, often driven by the desire to tap into new sources of growth and revenue. This has led to a corresponding increase in the need for a mobile and globally dispersed workforce that can be deployed quickly and efficiently to new locations.
At the same time, however, global mobility programs have faced numerous challenges in the banking sector, including increased regulatory scrutiny, talent shortages, technological disruption, and political and economic instability in certain regions.
Increased regulatory scrutiny has been a significant challenge for global mobility programs in the banking sector. Since the 2008 financial crisis, regulators have tightened their oversight of the financial services industry, making it more difficult for banks to move personnel across borders. Compliance requirements have become more stringent, and banks must navigate a complex web of regulations and laws in order to deploy staff to different locations.
Talent shortages have also posed a significant challenge for banks seeking to manage a mobile workforce. In certain regions, there may be a shortage of qualified personnel with the necessary skills and experience to staff operations. This has made it more difficult for banks to fill key roles and has led to increased competition for talent. Global mobility programs have become a key tool for attracting and retaining talent, as banks may offer employees the opportunity to relocate to new regions as part of their career development.
Technological advances have had a mixed impact on global mobility programs in the banking sector. On the one hand, advances in technology have made it easier for banks to manage global mobility programs, allowing for more efficient and cost-effective deployment of personnel. Tools like virtual communication and collaboration software have enabled banks to stay connected with staff in different regions and manage operations remotely. On the other hand, technological disruption has also posed a challenge for global mobility programs. As new technologies emerge, banks must adapt quickly to ensure that their mobile workforce has the necessary skills and tools to succeed in the new environment.
Political and economic instability in certain regions has also had a significant impact on global mobility programs in the banking sector. In some cases, banks have been forced to close operations or move staff out of certain countries due to political unrest, economic crises, or other factors. This has created additional challenges for banks, as they must navigate a complex web of regulations and laws in order to manage their mobile workforce in an ever-changing geopolitical landscape.
To succeed in this changing global mobility landscape, banks will need to be more strategic and flexible in their approach to talent management. This may involve investing in technology to streamline global mobility programs, building more diverse and inclusive teams, and partnering with external providers to access talent in new regions. Banks must also ensure that they are complying with local regulations and laws in order to avoid costly compliance issues.
In conclusion, global mobility has undergone significant changes in the last 10 years, and these changes have had a profound impact on the banking sector. Banks must be prepared to navigate a complex and ever-changing regulatory environment, while also competing for talent in an increasingly globalized market. By being strategic and adaptable, banks can successfully manage a mobile and globally dispersed workforce and take advantage of new growth opportunities in the years to come.
References:
- Ananiadou, K., & Rosson, P. J. (2018). Global mobility in the banking sector: A review of the literature. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(12), 1974-1999.
- Czern
What Skills and Qualifications Do Investment Banks and Private Equity Clients Want?
With this in mind, we have put together this article to help our candidates during their search for their next position.
Generally speaking, the skills required to work in investment banking can vary depending on the specific job and the company but, there are several skills that are usually preferred by employers in this field. Some of the most common skills for investment banking positions include:
- Education: A strong academic background is typically a must-have for investment banking positions. Most employers prefer candidates with at least a bachelor's degree in business, finance, accounting, economics, or a related field. Some investment banks may also require a master's degree, such as an MBA, for more senior positions. We will discuss this area more later on in this blog.
- Relevant work experience: Investment banks generally prefer candidates with prior work experience in the finance industry, particularly in areas such as investment banking, private equity, or corporate finance. Experience in related fields such as accounting or management consulting can also be beneficial.
- Analytical skills: Investment banking requires strong analytical skills, including the ability to interpret financial statements, evaluate business models, and analyse market data. Employers look for candidates who have a track record of strong analytical and problem-solving skills.
- Communication skills: Effective communication is key in investment banking, as bankers need to be able to explain complex financial concepts to clients and colleagues. Strong written and verbal communication skills are essential.
- Attention to detail: Investment banking involves working with large amounts of financial data, and small errors can have significant consequences. Employers look for candidates who have strong attention to detail and are able to produce accurate work in a fast-paced environment.
- Technical skills: Investment banking requires proficiency in a range of technical skills, including financial modelling, valuation, and data analysis. Candidates who have experience with software such as Excel, Bloomberg, and PowerPoint are generally preferred.
- Professional Qualifications: Some investment banking positions may require professional qualifications, such as:
- Bachelor's degree in business, finance, accounting, economics, or a related field. Some investment banks may also require a master's degree, such as an MBA from one of the top universities.
- Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) or Certified Public Accountant (CPA) designations. These certifications can demonstrate a candidate's expertise in a specific area and can make them more competitive in the job market.
- ACA (Associate Chartered Accountant) and ACCA (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants): These are two of the most highly regarded professional certifications in accounting. The ACA is a UK-based qualification offered by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), while the ACCA is an international qualification offered by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). While these certifications are not specific to investment banking, they can be useful for those looking to work in areas such as mergers and acquisitions, due diligence, and financial analysis as both qualifications cover a range of topics, including financial accounting, management accounting, and taxation.
- Modelling courses: Investment banks rely heavily on financial modelling to analyse potential deals and make strategic decisions. There are many financial modelling courses available that can teach candidates how to build and analyse complex financial models. Some popular courses include the Wall Street Prep Financial Modelling Course and the Financial Modelling Fundamentals course offered by the Corporate Finance Institute.
Which University?
While there is no one "best" university for investment banking, there are several institutions that are highly regarded in the industry. Some of the top universities for investment banking include:
- University of Oxford: The University of Oxford is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the UK, and is renowned for its programs in finance, economics, and business. The Saïd Business School at Oxford offers an MBA program with a finance focus, as well as a number of executive education programs in finance and investment banking.
- University of Cambridge: The University of Cambridge is another top-ranked university in the UK, with a strong reputation in finance and business. The Judge Business School at Cambridge offers an MBA program, as well as a Master's in Finance degree that is designed specifically for those looking to pursue a career in finance or investment banking.
- London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE): The LSE is a leading institution in the UK for social sciences, including economics, finance, and business. The LSE offers a number of degree programs in finance and economics, as well as a number of short courses and executive education programs in finance and investment banking.
- Imperial College London: Imperial College London is a world-renowned research institution that is particularly well-known for its programs in science, engineering, and medicine. However, the Imperial College Business School also offers a number of programs in finance and economics, including an MBA with a finance focus and a Master's in Finance program.
- University of Warwick: The University of Warwick is a highly regarded research institution with a strong reputation in business and finance. The Warwick Business School offers a number of degree programs in finance and accounting, as well as a range of executive education programs in finance and investment banking.
- Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton), the University of Chicago (Booth), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan). These universities offer rigorous programs in finance, accounting, and economics, and have a strong track record of placing graduates in top investment banking positions.
There are several qualifications and courses that can be useful for those looking to pursue a career in investment banking. While academic qualifications such as a bachelor's degree and an MBA are important, certifications such as the ACA and ACCA and courses such as financial modelling can also be valuable. Additionally, attending a top university can provide candidates with access to top employers and valuable networking opportunities.
In conclusion, investment banking is a highly competitive field, and employers generally look for candidates who have a combination of strong academic credentials, relevant work experience, analytical skills, and effective communication skills.
The Promotion Cycle in Investment Banking (IB)
Analyst: This is an entry-level role and generally requires a bachelor´s degree. focused on supporting senior bankers in executing deals and providing financial analysis. Analysts typically have a 2-3 year cycle before being considered for promotion.
Associate: After successful completion of the analyst program, an associate is responsible for leading smaller deals and projects, and tend to take on more responsibility. Associates typically have a 3-4 year cycle before being considered for promotion.
Vice President (VP): After successfully leading on more complex deals and demonstrating solid leadership and strong deal execution skills a VP will generally take on a more senior role where the lead a team and manage client relationships. VPs typically have a 4-6 year cycle before being considered for a promotion.
Director: Directors are responsible for leading teams and executing large and complex deals, as well as mentoring and coaching junior bankers. Directors typically have a 6-8 year cycle before being considered for promotion.
Managing Director: This is the most senior role in investment banking and are responsible for leading teams, executing complex deals and managing client relationships. They also play a key role in business development and, have a significant impact on the overall performance of the bank.
It is worth highlighting that the promotion cycle in Investment Banks is highly competitive, and not everyone who starts as an analyst will make it to managing director level. Also, the above-mentioned promotion cycle and progression is just a general guideline and can vary depending on the bank and the individual's performance.
What are Private Equity and Venture Capital?
- Private Equity (PE) refers to the purchase of an existing company with the intention of growing the business and increasing its value. Private equity firms typically invest in mature companies that have a proven track record of generating cash flow but, still have potential for growth. They typically focus on companies that are undervalued or that are underperforming, and use a variety of strategies to increase the value of the company, for example, cutting costs, making acquisitions and expanding into new markets.
- Venture Capital (VC) is the practice of investing in startups and early-stage companies that have the potential for rapid growth but, have not yet reached their maximum potential and profitability. Companies that require this type of investment are often in the process of developing new products, technologies or business models. VC firms provide funding to these companies in exchange for an ownership stake, and can also provide mentorship, networking and other resources to help the companies grow.
In conclusion, Private Equity (PE) firms invest in mature companies that have a proven track record with the intention of growing them to increase the value of the company. In contrast, Venture Capital firms invest in start-ups and early-stage companies that have high growth potential, but not yet reached profitability, with the goal of helping the companies grow and develop.
The Recruitment Process for Investment Banking
- Application: where the candidate submits their resumes to the bank, either through the bank's website or through a recruitment agency.
- Screening: The recruitment agency or banks Human Resources department will shortlist candidates based on their requirements.
- Interview: Candidates will generally be required to attend multiple interviews, these can range from HR interviews to meetings with the hiring manager and senior company members. The number of interviews required will depend on the level of the position applied for and the size of the company. These interviews can be performed in person, on the phone or using video conferencing.
- Testing: the majority of banks (and all our clients) require candidates to take aptitude tests such as numerical reasoning, verbal reasoning or case study analysis (for example, a DCF or LBO model).
- Offer: Successful candidates will be offered the position, they will then discuss the terms of the offer with the bank. We guide our candidates and clients through this process. All offers are normally subject to passing background checks.
- Background Check: these could be processed by the recruitment agency, the bank or, an external party. They typically include verification of educational and employment history, and in some cases, credit checks and/or Disclosure and Barring Services (DBS).
Introduction to DCF and LBO Models
So, what are they and when are they used?
A DCF model is a method of valuing a company or a project by forecasting its future cash flows and then discounting them back to the present value. The discount rate used in the DCF model reflects the opportunity cost of investing in the company or project, it also takes into consideration the level of risk. This type of model is typically used when evaluating investments, such as companies, projects, and real estate, as well as for valuing both public and private companies during the mergers and acquisitions process.
A LBO model is a financial model used to evaluate the feasibility of a leveraged buyout (LBO), which is the acquisition of a company using a significant amount of debt to finance the purchase. An LBO model is used to simulate the cash flow projections and the capital structure of the company after the acquisition. This allows the interested company/ parties to determine if the company can service its debt and generate enough cash flow to meet its financial obligations. LBO models are generally used by Private equity firms and investment banks to evaluate the potential returns of a leveraged buyout.
What is Investment Banking?
Generally speaking, investment banks are large financial institutions that are closely regulated and have a global footprint. Within an investment banking organisation, it is common to find skilled professionals such as, financial analysts, traders, salespeople and investment bankers. These individuals work as a cohesive team to execute complex financial transactions and provide their clients with comprehensive guidance and support. In addition to this they can also underwrite and structure securities and, provide advice on capital raising opportunities.
Investment banking is an extremely competitive field which can be very demanding with long hours, the work is often fast-paced and time-sensitive. The industry is heavily impacted by market conditions and the economy in general.
M&A in 2021
- The acquisition of the energy company Anadarko Petroleum by Occidental Petroleum for $38 billion
- The acquisition of the grocery store chain Whole Foods by Amazon for $13.7 billion
- The acquisition of the health insurance company Aetna by CVS Health for $69 billion
- The acquisition of the pharmaceutical company Allergan by AbbVie for $63 billion
- The acquisition of the technology company Salesforce by the software company Adobe for $15 billion
This M&A activity was driven by a number of factors, including low interest rates at the start of the year, economic growth, and an abundance of capital available for investment.
CV Cover Letter Writing Tips

A Personal Letter Makes All the Difference!
There are usually three key elements in the first stage of a job application: the Curriculum Vitae or CV for short, the Application Form and the CV Cover Letter. It is the last of these which usually taxes the brain cells most of all. How do you write a succinct CV Cover Letter that uses just the right tone and conveys all the best aspects of your personality?
Step One: Choose the Right paper, Font and Layout.
Writing a CV Cover Letter is a professional task. This means that any old copy paper may not make the kind of impression you are looking for. You should select a slightly heavier weight than the pages you use in your photocopier but stick to the standard A4 size. Font and layout should also be drawn from the familiar repertoire of Courier, Times Roman, Arial, or whatever font you would normally use in your daily work. If you have very elegant handwriting, then by all means go ahead and craft a hand-written work of art. On the other hand, if like most people your scrawl is barely legible even at the best of times, then just type your letter neatly and sign it with a good quality gel or fountain pen.
Step Two: Maintain a Clear Focus.
As you start to write, think carefully about the three or four most important things you want to say. Don’t repeat all the details you have included in the other parts of the application, but single out just a few highlights which will hopefully mark you out as a person worth calling for interview. Say who you are (think of an up-beat phrase that describes yourself), the job you are applying for (just to keep the reader focused on the task in hand), why you are interested in the post, and what you can offer to the company. Finish with a word of thanks for reading your letter, and add a signature. Don’t launch into your life story and don’t try to be too clever. Just aim for clarity and authenticity.
Step Three: Spell Check, Re-read, Reflect and Revise!
This is perhaps the most vital part of CV Cover Letter Writing. There is nothing worse than a glaring grammar error or random spelling mistakes scattered throughout the text. Careful checking, and some revision here and there will improve your letter immensely.
Step Four: Repeat Step Three!
Yes, that’s right. You should put your letter aside for a while, sleep on it if you have time, and then read it again to check one last time for any minor flaws. Even better: ask a sensible friend to look it over for you and give some feedback. Now you can relax and send your letter off.
Guest copy: from DJG Consulting - Recruitment Paris specialising in Investment Banking jobs and executive assistant jobs
5 Job Interview Tips that Will Get you Shortlisted

The tips that you receive before a job interview will depend upon whom you ask; but for the truly inexperienced who wish to acquire that dream job or that job that will get them by until they find their dream job - you're in need of job interview tips that will ensure you're shortlisted for the job that you want. Lucky for you, you've come to the right place.




